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Index
2008

£15,000 for asylum seeker illegally detained in UK, Guardian, 10 March

Senior Met officer blames scepticism and inertia for low conviction rate, Guardian,  4 March

WAR's Response: Police failings in rape cases are far worse than they admit, 12 March

'Why is conviction rate so appallingly low?' Guardian quotes WAR, 15 Jan

2007

Article by Beatrix Campbell in New Statesman 16 April

. . . New research commissioned by the Met police delved into the Met’s own case files . . . for the first time checked out the histories of suspects. 

Beyond reasonable doubt   So what's it like to sit on a jury at a rape trial? An anonymous juror offers his unique insight. The Guardian,  12 April

One-fifth of British women were sexually abused as children
 By Sophie Goodchild, Independent, 1 April

Anonymity law change: The debate Manchester Evening News 28 March 07

Royal Navy sailor jailed for rape BBC website, 14 March. This case set a legal precedent. 

Third of dropped rape cases should have been pursued, says report, The Guardian, 31 Jan

My sister was killed while the police did nothing
Observer, Mar 07

Women who falsely cry rape could be named and shamed by judges
The Times, Mar 07

Rape Convictions, Published letter to The Guardian, 9 Feb

2006

A mother tells of her daughter's devastating court ordeal after failures led to an acquittal
Observer, Dec 06

A new study says that women asylum seekers who claim to have been raped in their own countries are rarely believed in British courts
Guardian, 6 Dec

Why is Tony Blair sending this gang-rape victim back to her attackers? Sunday Telegraph, Dec 06

"When abuse of privilege is itself a crime"
Should Daily Mail have reported parliament?
Guardian Oct 06

'Rape Victim' rounds on peer who named her as a liar
Guardian, Oct 06

The end of all hope for Mary, a Ugandan refugee seeking asylum
Guardian, Aug 06

Most hate crime victims suffer in silence
Guardian, Aug 06

"Don't you want to know why I'm bleeding?"
A man was convicted of GBH against a Muslim woman, with the help of BWRAP & WAR
Guardian, Aug 06

Raped, Tortured... But denied asylum by the UK Home Office
Voice, 12 Jul 06

DEVIOUS barristers and ignorant judges allow a woman’s sexual past to be disclosed in rape trials, The Times, 21 Jun 06

Sentences for rapes after 'intimacy' cut
Front page, The Times, Jun 06

Letter to Independent published
Rape Victims denied refuge in Britain
May 06

Letter to Independent
The low conviction rate is not a postcode lottery, but predictable injustice

Letters to Times & Standard
Cautions for rape are the tip of the iceberg, but women won't be deterred from reporting

Why we believe the police have lost sight of rape
WAR & BWRAP write for The Times LAW section, Jan 2006

2005

The Guardian & The Times
One in three people blame women for being raped, finds Amnesty survey

The Guardian
Home Office does not believe rapes amount to persecution, says Green MEP Jean Lambert

The Guardian
By the time the police arrived Julia Pemberton and her son William were dead. Now her family want to know why no one took any notice. 

The Observer
Despite radical reform of the way police and the courts deal with sex crimes, conviction rates are at a record low.  

Evening Standard  
"We're not asking that rape be made a special case, just that it be treated as a serious crime"

2004

The Guardian
Women & children first

Guardian, Letters
Erosion of asylum rights

Guardian, Letters
Why Blunkett must share the blame for Soham

Guardian, Letters 
Rape in Iraq: Women MPs should press for full disclosure

Guardian, Letters
Military abuse of women in Iraq & Ireland

Los Angeles Times
IRAQ PRISON SCANDAL

The Independent
Huntley was not a one-off 

2003

The Guardian
Questioning the legal right of violent parents to retain contact with their children

Women's e-News
Kenyan Women To Sue British Army for Alleged Rapes

The Guardian 
In Kenya, the British army stands accused of systematic abuses

The Times
Woman fears her freed rapist will attack again

The Guardian
Women at Broadmoor used as guinea pigs for male sex offenders

2002

Women's E-News
Native American Women Organise Against Rape and Sexual Assault 

Unpublished letter to The Guardian
from WAR

Unpublished letter to The Guardian 
from WinVisible - Women with Visible and Invisible Disabilities

Women's e-News
Spain Harassment Trial is Rare Victory for Women

The Independent
Rape by soldiers is much more than 'simple lust'

Private Eye
The Rape Escape

Unpublished letter to The Guardian

Archives:

2001

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1995

1994

1991

1989

 

Press Highlights 2008 - 2002
(click on headline to read more)

2008


£15,000 for asylum seeker illegally detained in UK, The Guardian,
10 March 2008

". . .  following a judicial review of her case, she was released from detention and will now receive damages estimated at £15,000 for unlawful detention because of the length of time she was held without having the correct examination. Deputy high court judge Kenneth Parker QC said he believed a report soon after PB had been detained would have provided evidence of torture and probably resulted in her release from detention.

"[The] ruling is a fantastic victory and sets a crucial precedent for many other women in detention," said a WAR spokeswoman yesterday. "Like PB, many women have had their cases fast-tracked and been detained, denied legal representation, medical and other expert help, and implementation of the Home Office's own rules which should have secured their release. . . "

Senior Met officer blames scepticism and inertia for low conviction rate, Guardian,  4 March

WAR's Response: Police failings in rape cases are far worse than they admit, Guardian, 12 March
Women victims often still experience the inefficiency, neglect and hostility of officers, says Ruth Hall

 'Why is conviction rate so appallingly low?' The Guardian 15 Jan 08, quotes WAR:
The main problem is that the existing law is not being applied, because the people who are supposed to bring rapists to justice - police officers, crown prosecutors and judges - are not doing their jobs.”

 

2007
Third of dropped rape cases should have been pursued, says report, The Guardian, 31 January 2007, Clare Dyer, legal editor
Police and prosecutors are regularly failing rape victims by wrongly recording many cases as "no crime" and dropping others prematurely without following possible lines of investigation, according to a report today by the independent watchdogs for both services.

Officers routinely fail to follow home office guidelines, said the joint report. Nearly one in three of the cases police recorded as "no crime" should have been properly investigated as rape. ...

 

Article by Beatrix Campbell in New Statesman 16 April 2007

. . . New research commissioned by the Met police delved into the Met’s own case files . . . for the first time checked out the histories of suspects.   

Researchers reviewed files on 677 rapes reported to the [Met ] in two months in 2005 and followed up by tracing the suspects.  A third of the reported rapes  were “not crimed” – that is, they were not investigated or recorded as crimes, because they were not thought to involve an offence.  But many of the suspects had “previous”.  More than half of the men accused of raping women who had been drinking, where the cases were “not crimed”, had a history of sexual offences against women. “
Note from the webmaster: This research has not been published, why not?

Anonymity law change: The debate Manchester Evening News 28 March 07

Beyond reasonable doubt   Less than six per cent of all rapes reported to the police result in a conviction, and juries are often blamed for letting rapists walk free. So what's it like to sit on a jury at a rape trial? An anonymous juror offers his unique insight. The Guardian,  12 April  2007

One-fifth of British women were sexually abused as children
 By Sophie Goodchild, Independent, 1 April 2007

Royal Navy sailor jailed for rape BBC website, 14 March 2007. This case set a legal precedent.

My sister was killed while the police did nothing, The killings shocked the country: women murdered by ex-partners despite warnings of stalking to the police. David Rose investigates how the tragedies happened and learns of the families' search for justice. Observer 11 March 2007
Astonishingly, the control room wrongly claims that armed police are 'now' on their way: 'We are actually trying to approach carefully... with a loaded gun.' In fact, it is another seven hours before officers will approach the house. Behind it are dense woods into which Julia might run. But believing help is imminent, she stays put. By providing reassurance, the operator has deprived her of her only chance of escape.

Women who falsely cry rape could be named and shamed by judges The Times, 10 March 2007
The idea of a power to lift a complainant’s anonymity, to be used only in exceptional cases, comes after a case last autumn in which a man’s conviction for sexual assault was quashed as unsafe and his accuser, dubbed a “serial and repeated liar”, was named in the Commons.  But the Solicitor-General, Mike O'Brien, who has been master-minding the proposed reforms, told The Times: “The Government has no plans to remove anonymity for complainants in the vast majority of cases.”

Rape Convictions
, Published letter to The Guardian, 9 Feb
Juries must not carry the can for the low rape conviction rate (Why is rape so easy to get away with? G2, February 1).  The police either don’t gather the evidence, or they lose it or misinterpret it.  The CPS don’t think about what might be useful and seem more eager to drop rape cases than to prosecute them.  The victim is herself put on trial, but without the safeguards defendants are entitled to.  The prosecutor has never met her before the trial, does nothing to establish her credibility or to defend her, even from evidence about her sexual history which recent laws should have banned.  Judges should provide balance and protect the jury from misinformation and misunderstanding; instead they pander to the jury’s prejudices.  Their directions and summing-up often display sexism and other prejudices.  If police, prosecutors and judges were made to apply the law in a caring and non-sexist way, the conviction rate would soon go up. Lisa Longstaff, Women Against Rape, Nina López,  Legal Action for Women

Letters to Radio 4 "Today" programme about anonymity and false allegations, Jan 07

False rape accusers may lose right to anonymity,
Independent 10 Jan 07


Anonymity rule must stay Marcel Berlins, Guardian 15 Jan 07
 

2006

'A mother tells of her daughter's devastating court ordeal after failures led to an acquittal', Observer 10 Dec 06
 
Rape survivor complains to Channel 4 News after a report on drink & rape

'Rape victim' rounds on peer who named her as liar Diane Taylor, Guardian 21 Oct 06

When abuse of privilege is itself a crime Marcel Berlins, Guardian 23 Oct 06

WAR appeared on Radio 4's Today programme, Nov 16th 7.50 a.m. on date-rape drugs and alcohol - you can listen on
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/zthursday_20061116.shtml
And Oct 21st 7.55 a.m. on anonymity for rape victims 
www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/listenagain/zsaturday_20061021.shtml

'Rebecca wanted to drop the rape case, but I said no. Now I feel that I've let her down' A mother tells of her daughter's devastating court ordeal after failures led to an acquittal, Observer, 10 Dec 2006
Official figures show that only 5.3 per cent of reported rapes end in a conviction. Ruth Hall, from Women Against Rape, said: 'This is not an isolated case. It is typical. Now, because of the persistence of Rebecca and Angela, this is a great opportunity for the police and the CPS to clean up their act.'

'Everything in my life has crumbled'  A new study says that women asylum seekers who claim to have been raped in their own countries are rarely believed in British courts, Laura Smith, Guardian, 6 Dec 2006
Campaigners say such experiences are far from unusual. Although it is estimated that at least 50% of women seeking asylum in the UK have experienced rape or sexual violence in their countries of origin, a report published yesterday found that in two thirds of cases rape claims were dismissed as fabrications. Misjudging Rape was commissioned by the Black Women's Rape Action Project and Women Against Rape to draw attention to the behaviour of immigration judges who serve on the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (AIT), which decides appeals against rulings made by the Home Office. As the Home Office refuses around 80% of claims following initial asylum interviews, the two London-based groups argue that fair AIT hearings are essential.
 

Why is Tony Blair sending this gang-rape victim back to her attackers? Sunday Telegraph, 4 Dec 2006
Dr Halima Basheer, 27, fled to Britain after she was repeatedly targeted by Sudanese authorities. Speaking in London last week, she said her problems began two years ago when the janjaweed attacked a girls' school in Darfur.
More than 40 girls were raped, she said, along with two teachers. The girls were aged from eight to 13; villagers brought 15 of them to the clinic where she worked to be treated for horrendous injuries.

 

When abuse of privilege is itself a crime, Marcel Berlins, Guardian, 23 Oct 2006
So why did the Daily Mail do so? Lord Campbell-Savours named her under parliamentary privilege, a cloak that protects MPs and peers over things they say in parliament. The Mail appears to believe it was covered by its own "qualified privilege" in reporting parliament. But that privilege was meant to be a protection against being sued when a newspaper repeats someone else's parliamentary comments. I cannot believe the law on privilege can be used to justify the newspaper committing a clear criminal offence.
 

'Rape victim' rounds on peer who named her as liar  'Setback' for all women who suffer sexual assault/ Campaigners appalled by peer's use of parliament, Diane Taylor, Guardian, 21 Oct 2006
It is believed to be the first time that the identity of a woman who claims to be the victim of a sexual offence has been revealed in parliament.
 

The end of all hope Caroline Moorhead, Wednesday, 23 Aug 2006, Guardian
Two months ago, G2 told the story of Mary, a refugee seeking asylum in Britain with her young daughter after experiencing horrific torture in Uganda. Their rights to appeal exhausted, they now face imminent deportation - and new danger. Caroline Moorhead reports on the fate that awaits them and others like them on their return
 

Most hate crime victims suffer in silence,
Response from Commander Steve Allen, letter from WAR & BWRAP to Guardian, letter to Camden New Journal,
Laura Smith, Guardian, 16 Aug, 2006
"The fact is that people do not trust the criminal justice system and would rather suffer the terror than risk not being helped," he said. Although the Home Office publishes figures for recorded racist incidents and racially or religiously aggravated offences - up 7% and 6% respectively last year - a spokeswoman said it did not break down figures for victimisation based on sexual orientation or disability.

'Don't you want to know why I'm bleeding?'
A man was convicted of GBH against a Muslim woman, with the help of BWRAP & WAR
Society Guardian, 2 Aug 2006

Lisa Longstaff, project coordinator at Women Against Rape, says such figures are not surprising. "There are so many hurdles. Beginning with the first call to the police, giving a statement, and right through to the sentencing, you are up against so much." She adds: "If we hadn't kept the pressure up, this case would never have made it to court, let alone got a conviction." Longstaff and Cristel Amiss, a project coordinator at the Black Women's Rape Action Project, say it took them four hours of continuous phone calls to the police before a detective sergeant from Holborn hate crimes unit agreed to send somebody to take a statement. The officer sent, DC Angela Reilly, said at Read's trial that the first officers on the scene "should have arrested him". Asked if they had conducted an initial investigation, she said: "It wasn't done very well." The family have lodged a formal complaint against the officers. It is being investigated internally by the Met's directorate of professional standards.

RAPED, TORTURED…
But denied asylum by the UK Home Office

The Voice, 12 July 2006, Issue: 1226 (Report of a conference organised by BWRAP & WAR)

...Anne Neale said: “I don’t know any woman I’ve interviewed that has had her form read back to her in translation. They’re read back to them in English so you have no idea of what’s being written and that very first interview is so crucial. It is vital that correct information is documented as any mistake is liable to crop up time and time again during the process from the Home Office right the way through to the adjudication level.”

Barrister Louise Hooper noted: “The difference in success rate if you have a good solicitor as opposed to a bad solicitor is absolutely phenomenal..."

Anti-rape groups have launched a nationwide campaign in a bid to get rape officially recognised as torture and persecution and therefore grounds of asylum. The All African Women’s group have taken their petition into local schools in a bid to educate people from a young age. Nora of AAWG said: “Each year we go to schools and speak about the reasons why we are forced to leave our countries and what we are going through in this country. These children have come to realise the truth. When they see with their eyes it is not the same as the lies they hear.”

Cristel Amiss added: “It is very clear just how urgent it is to be campaigning that rape survivors claiming asylum have the protection and justice that they’re entitled to. Nobody can deny that rape is being used as a key weapon of war with women and children the most vulnerable and the least protected. It is crucial that those of us who have papers, who have the right to be here, who were born here, are not divided from those who don’t.”

DEVIOUS barristers and ignorant judges allow a woman’s sexual past to be disclosed in rape trials,
The Times, 21 June 2006

...Barristers who use devious tactics to get round the law are being aided by judges who are unaware of the crown court rules and have little knowledge of the legislation that was introduced in 1999.

 

The new rules have had no “discernible effect” on the number of allegations of rape ending in a successful prosecution as the conviction rate has continued to fall, according to the report published by the Home Office.
It found that the rules that aim to restrict defence barristers from depicting rape victims as promiscuous have been “evaded, circumvented and resisted”...

Sentences for rapes after 'intimacy' cut
Front page of the Times, by Frances Gibb, Legal Editor,
8 June 2006

Rape victims denied refuge in Britain
Letter published in The Independent, 24 May 2006
     Sir: The "soft targets" for deportation are first of all women and children who find it hardest to "disappear" in the system. (" 'Soft targets' picked on for deportation, say refugee campaigners", 18 May).
     Just last week, a young woman was removed to an African country after the Home Office and courts refused to accept compelling expert evidence confirming the torture she had suffered. She had turned 17 when she was kidnapped and repeatedly raped by rebel soldiers who killed her mother in front of her. When government troops stormed the rebels' camp, she was imprisoned as a suspected rebel sympathiser and raped again by soldiers.
     Like most rape survivors we see, this young woman was disbelieved (the conviction rate for reported rape in Britain is 5.6 per cent). She was forcibly deported despite the protests at the airport by fellow students and others.
     Hundreds of women and their children, some conceived as a result of rape, are currently detained and facing imminent removal. Our most recent research found that two-thirds of women in Yarl's Wood Detention Centre who contacted Legal Action for Women are rape survivors. They are systematically denied legal representation and other expert help, and sent back to further rape and other torture, and even death - another example of the Government's determination to meet its removal targets no matter how unjustly.
SALIMA SEKINDI, ALL AFRICAN WOMEN'S GROUP
CRISTEL AMISS, BLACK WOMEN'S RAPE ACTION PROJECT
NIKI ADAMS, LEGAL ACTION FOR WOMEN
SIAN EVANS, WOMEN AGAINST RAPE LONDON NW5

Unpublished letter to The Independent, 4 April 2006
Dear Editor
Vera Baird MP says rape convictions depend on where you live ("Rape conviction rates", 30 March).  Some areas may not be as dreadful as others, but the 'good' areas can only boast a 14% conviction rate.   This is not because "rape is notoriously difficult to prove, (your editorial) or because of a lack of "education and public information," but because those charged with implementing the law do it badly, carelessly or rarely.  The conviction rate is going down even as more women are reporting their attackers. The conviction rate (average: 5.3%) is not a lottery, postcode or otherwise, but predictable injustice, determined by sexism, racism, the attacker's social status, and a host of other irrelevancies.  Women and girls in every walk of life want to know when this discrimination against rape survivors is going to be addressed.  The public information we need is that rape will be investigated and prosecuted thoroughly, and rapists convicted.  What an education for would-be rapists and leader writers that would be.
Lisa Longstaff
Women Against Rape

Unpublished letter to The Times, 13 April 2006
Dear Sir
Your editorial (Rape and the Law, 10 April) went to the heart of the matter: 40 cautions for rape "... assumes greater importance in the context of the overall failure of the system to deal properly with reported rape cases."  We share this view (see Law pages,17 January).  Cautions for rape are the tip of the iceberg; the iceberg itself is the lack of convictions -- the conviction rate has fallen to a shocking 5.3%.  That is, most rapists don't even get a caution.  The proposal to give community orders to men who commit domestic violence, in which rape often figures, is a further license to assault, maim or even kill women and children.
Will The Times join us in asking the police and Crown Prosecution Service why their employees undermine rape prosecutions by incompetent, even reluctant, investigation and presentation of evidence, finding obstacles to prosecution rather than on building a case?  Sacking a few employees would concentrate minds wonderfully.  Until then, sexism and other institutional prejudice will continue to determine the rate and success of rape prosecutions.
The CPS offered the justification that 29 of these 40 who received a caution were under age 21.  May we remind the CPS that little comparable concern has been shown to teenagers convicted of crimes against property, for example those criminalised for graffiti and truancy via the use of ASBOs. 
Yours sincerely
Lisa Longstaff
Women Against Rape

Unpublished letter to The Evening Standard, 13 April 2006
Dear Editor
Your report ("Cautions for rapists "place women at risk", 10 April) said cautions are a deterrent to rape victims coming forward.  Indeed they are a deterrent, a danger, and an insult to the victims.  Yet the number of women reporting is steadily increasing.  In many cases women bring to us, the police investigation is riddled with problems - contributing to a scandalous conviction rate of only 5.3%.
Despite government claims to be committed to prosecuting rapists, many victims still face: police urging them to drop the case, refusing to gather evidence, interview witnesses, protect survivors from assailants who threaten victims if they report, and inaccurately recording statements; and CPS carelessness and refusal to challenge the prejudices, lies and slanders by the defence, and so on.  The excuse that rape is uniquely hard to prove then becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.  Sacking a few police and CPS lawyers for gross underperformance in even a few rape cases would broadcast a genuine commitment to tackling rape to their own staff and to all of us.
Yours sincerely
Claire Glasman
Women Against Rape

An interview with a woman in our network whose rapist stepfather was given a caution was broadcast on the Today Programme, Radio 4, 9 May 2006.

 

'Why we believe the police have lost sight of rape'
The Times, LAW, 17 January 2006

The recent Amnesty International survey found that two thirds of people do not blame victims for rape. What the public does not know is that there are grave problems with the investigation and prosecution of sexual violence.

Over the years, the police have responded to criticism with special measures:

·         1985: when Women against Rape published its survey on rape, Ask Any Woman, they introduced rape suites and special training. Recorded rapes: 1,842. Conviction rate: 24 per cent.

  • 1986: Home Office advises the police that all reported rape except false allegations must be registered as reported crimes, rather than as "no crimes". Recorded rapes: 2,288. Conviction rate: 18 per cent.
  • 1999: Home Office research reported that a slight decrease in "no crime" is offset by increased police pressure on victims to "withdraw". Recorded rapes: 7,809. Conviction rate: 8 per cent.
  • 2000: "Project Sapphire" - teams trained to take statements and investigate rape. The first London Sexual Assault Referral Centre opens. Police claim to have increased charges and cautions in London from 18 to 25 per cent. (Why is anyone cautioned for rape?) Recorded rapes: 7,929. Conviction rate: 7 per cent.
  • 2002: Rape Action Plan including early evidence kits to take immediate mouth and urine samples distributed to every police force. Recorded rapes: 11,766. Conviction rate: 5.6 per cent.
  • 2003: Recorded rapes: 11,867. Conviction rate of recorded rapes fell to 5.3 per cent.

2005

One in three people blame women for being raped, finds Amnesty survey
21 November 2005
... "
Women Against Rape, said prejudices were ingrained in the way rape cases were examined."Let them worry about the awareness of the police, judges and the Crown Prosecution Service, and public awareness will change," she said" ...

"...the Home Office does not believe rapes and beatings amount to persecution" says Green MEP Jean Lambert, Guardian, Letters, 14 October 2005
In the UK alone over 50,000 rapes take place each year but only 600 rapists are actually sent to jail, and this in a country with a stable legal system. It is therefore particularly worrying, for women globally, that the Home Office does not believe rapes and beatings amount to persecution

These attacks could have been stopped letter to Camden New Journal re Anthony Hardy, the 'Camden Ripper' 6 Oct 2005 read whole letter
The Hardy Inquiry, held in private, which exonerated the psychiatrists, did not go far enough into Hardy's previous violence or the authorities' responsibility for not prosecuting him earlier. Yet he was known to hate women, particularly prostitute women, had a history of extreme violence and hospital staff had expressed "concerns that he was a danger to the public"...

Women and girls come to us when prosecutions are dropped by police or CPS. The story is always the same: key evidence was inaccurately recorded, misinterpreted, destroyed or deemed “insufficient”. As a result less than 6% of reported rapes and 5% of recorded domestic violence end in conviction and two women every week are murdered by their partner or ex-partner.

Many women and girls would be alive today if their attackers had been prosecuted and appropriately sentenced the first time they struck!

Signed by: Women Against Rape, Legal Action for Women, English Collective of Prostitutes, National Association for People Abused in Childhood, Save Our Day Centres (mental health service users), Single Mothers’ Self-Defence, Peter Garsden (Association of Child Abuse Lawyers).

The family no one could save, Guardian, 7 June 2005
For 14 months, Julia Pemberton told anyone who would listen that her husband was going to kill her. When he finally forced his way into her home with a gun, she made a desperate 999 call. By the time the police arrived she and her son William were dead. Now her family want to know why no one took any notice.  They talk to Fran Abrams

 

Scandal of justice revolution that betrayed rape victims, The Observer, 1 May 2005
Despite radical reform of the way police and the courts deal with sex crimes, conviction rates are at a record low. Amelia Hill on the shocking story of Britain's rape crisis

…..last month's Home Office report, A Gap or a Chasm?, revealed that the proportion of rape allegations resulting in a conviction has fallen to a record low - from 24 per cent in 1985 to 5.6 percent in 2002. The overall picture is even worse. In 2002, 11,676 rape cases reached court, but just 655 led to a conviction - and in 258 of those the rapists had pleaded guilty. This means the women were believed in only 3.4 per cent of contested cases.

…..Two Home Office reports published last year say fear of going to court remains a reason for victims dropping cases.

Rape myths ... and the truth.

Women cry rape as revenge or to cover up consensual sex they later regret.
False or malicious rape claims account for just 3 per cent of allegations. One in four women have experienced rape or attempted rape, but only 57 per cent of those who are raped consider that what has happened is serious. This figure becomes even lower - at 31 per cent - when the perpetrator is a current or ex-partner. 
That most rape victims are attacked by a stranger.
Women are most likely to be raped by current or former partners.
Getting a case to - and through - court is easier.
Between half and two-thirds of rape cases are dropped. Only 14 per cent reached trial in 2002. Where a trial took place, acquittal was likely.
Rapists are now more likely to be convicted.
The conviction rate is an all-time low, 5.6 per cent, despite increasing reports of rape
.

Evening Standard, 29 March 2005
Women Against Rape IN THE HOT SEAT: "We're not asking that rape be made a special case, just that it be treated as a serious crime"

Q. In 2002, the Government overhauled rape laws in an effort to increase conviction rates and "re-balance the system in favour of victims". The number of rapes reported annually in Britain is at an all-time high of 11,700 - yet only one in 20 leads to a criminal conviction, an all-time low. What is going wrong?

A. Every time laws are passed, the people who are supposed to implement them carry on regardless. Women still call us every day, saying the police didn't believe them, or if they did the Crown Prosecution Service wouldn't prosecute, and if the case got to court they didn't get a chance to have their say, that evidence wasn't presented, that they were humiliated and discredited, and that no one defended them. The police blame the CPS, the CPS blames the police, they both blame the court system and everyone, including the rapist, is allowed to get away with it.... prosecutors who persistently fail to make a woman's case and present evidence in court [should be sacked].

Q. A recent Home Office report claimed the real number of rapes per year in this country is at least 47,000. Why are there so many cases still going unreported?

A. Women don't report rape because they don't think the man will be convicted. There is a saying in legal circles that rape is an easy allegation to make but a hard one to prove. This is not true; it's not an easy allegation. Women who are raped find it hard to talk to their family and friends about it - imagine how hard it is to tell strangers who you know may not believe you, who will question your integrity and lifestyle, knowing that you might have to go through the same thing in court and that it could amount to nothing.

Q. "Consent" - whether a woman has agreed to sex - is the key issue in rape cases. As a defendant can still claim he "believed" consent had been given, doesn't this just make rape one person's word against another?

A. The barrister questioning them may have only come across the case that morning. He is certainly not in a position to defend a woman if the defence casts doubts on her character. There are loopholes that allow sexual history to be brought in. A woman will be briefed to limit her answers to yes and no, so she never gets a chance to put her case across in her own words. It's not surprising that the truth doesn't come out. 

Q. Isn't alcohol, and binge-drinking in particular, the real danger to women?

A. People also say women shouldn't walk in certain areas, invite a man back to their house for coffee, or wear a short skirt. It amounts to the same thing. Claiming that "binge drinking" is the problem is basically saying that the rape is a woman's own fault because she is drunk.

Q. Hearing such horrific stories day in, day out, do you find it hard not to lose faith in men?

A. Many men call us on behalf of their daughters, wives or mothers. They are devastated and determined to stop rape. What we need is to change the priorities and policies that do so much to tell women that rape is their own fault, or that it is not very serious.

2004

The Guardian, 14 August 2004
Women and children first
Deportations of asylum seekers have taken a vicious new turn & 
Refugees 'detained during legal process' 
2 articles by Natasha Walter
The government and its agencies are acting on a continuum with a hostile public attitude that has been developed by the rightwing press. But however inured you are to the nasty rhetoric, what is shocking is that harsh treatment seems to be increasingly targeted at women and children. Nicola Rogers says that she believes the children are no longer seen as children, but simply as an extension of the adult, the scum, the leech. And some people working in the field also say they believe that, given the pressure on immigration officers to meet quotas for removals, women with young children are being increasingly targeted for detention and deportation because it is assumed that they will go quietly. So although women make up only a small minority of those in detention, stories of ill-treatment and injustice involving women and children are becoming more frequent.

The Guardian, Letters, 12 July 2004 
Erosion of asylum rights
Rape survivors are vulnerable and find it difficult, often impossible, to speak about the violence they have suffered. The law acknowledges this, granting rape victims anonymity. Women who have been raped who seek asylum in Britain are even more vulnerable. Deeply traumatised, they face the additional and frightening hurdle of being interviewed by officials in totally unfamiliar surroundings and often through translation.Yet according to David Lammy, the minister for constitutional affairs, the government is not "persuaded that victims of rape or torture, however defined, should be regarded as being in a category of vulnerable people".

The asylum bill will deny rape victims the right to legal aid and therefore full representation. Like Andrew Phillips, who opposed this sexism in the Lords, we find this an "astonishing proposition". It is a malevolent and life-threatening erosion of rape victims' rights.
read more published correspondence between Minister David Lammy & BWRAP & WAR

The Guardian, Letters, 25 June 2004
Why Blunkett must share the blame for Soham
Bichard sharply criticised the record-keeping and vetting procedures of various police forces. Our evidence to the inquiry asked why Huntley's previous nine sexual assaults went unprosecuted. Thirty-six (mainly women's) organisations endorsed our request.

While this was outside the inquiry's remit, it remains the crucial unanswered question - time after time the police ignored evidence or failed to make further investigations.

This shocking policing is not unusual. Hundreds of girls and women each year come to us when prosecutions are dropped by the police or CPS. Challenging those decisions, we often find that key evidence was inaccurately recorded, misinterpreted or destroyed. No wonder just 5% of recorded cases of domestic violence and less than 6% of reported rapes end in conviction.

Sexism, not record-keeping, is the main barrier preventing the successful prosecution of rapists and other violent men. If women's and girls' safety were prioritised, men like Huntley would be stopped before they became murderers.
Claire Glasman     Lisa Longstaff
Women Against Rape

The Guardian, Letters, 24 May 2004 
Rape in Iraq
It was neither the Red Cross nor the Amnesty report that propelled the torture of Iraqi prisoners on to the front pages. It was the photos. The torture carried on until the ocular proof made political embarrassment unavoidable.

Yet the photos of rape and other sexual torture of women at Abu Ghraib prison have still not been released to the public (The other prisoners, G2, May 20). Evidence of the widespread rape of women soldiers within the US military has similarly been ignored. Yet US National Public Radio mentioned 10 days ago that 100 US women soldiers claim to have been raped by their colleagues in Iraq. Why is this not pursued and reported here?

We wrote to all women MPs and peers asking them to press for full disclosure of what is happening to women in Iraq at the hands of both US and UK troops. We have not received a single reply.

Cristel Amiss
Black Women's Rape Action Project
Lisa Longstaff
Women Against Rape

The Guardian Letters, 13 May 2004
We are told special "techniques to soften up prisoners" are taught to certain units of the US and British military, and are the basis of the Abu Ghraib outrages. It is well-known that such "techniques" were used in the north of Ireland in the 1970s and afterwards. It is not so well known that a version of them was used against Irish women - strip-searches, repeated internal body searches inducing miscarriages, denial of sanitary towels to menstruating prisoners etc - sexual humiliations which, because of the taboos of Irish society at the time, were largely kept out of the Republican propaganda. So are the abuses in Iraq similarly extended to women, and similarly hidden?
Margaretta D'Arcy
Corrandulla, Co Galway

IRAQ PRISON SCANDAL - A Double Ordeal for Female Prisoners
Los Angeles Times, May 11, 2004, Tracy Wilkinson
BAGHDAD - One woman told her attorney she was forced to disrobe in front of male prison guards. After much coaxing, another woman described how she was raped by U.S. soldiers. Then she fainted.

A U.S. Army report on abuses at Abu Ghraib prison documented one case of an American guard sexually abusing a female detainee, and a Pentagon spokesman said Monday that 1,200 unreleased images of abuse at Abu Ghraib included "inappropriate behavior of a sexual nature."

Whether it was one or numerous cases of rape, many Iraqis believe that sexual abuse of women in U.S.-run jails was rampant. As a result, female prisoners face grave prospects after they are released: denial, ostracism or even death.

A woman who is raped brings shame on her family in the Islamic world. In many cases, rape victims have been killed by their relatives to salvage family honor, although there is no evidence this has happened to women who have been prisoners in Iraq.

"It is like being sentenced to death," said Sheik Mohammed Bashar Faydhi, a senior cleric based at Baghdad's largest Sunni mosque.

Some Iraqi women said they were struggling to come to terms with the alleged abuses of female detainees at Abu Ghraib and other U.S.-controlled lockups.

Few female inmates will talk about it. Their lawyers lower their voices when the subject of rape comes up.

. . . But female lawyers who visited the prison in March said their clients provided accounts of abuse and humiliation.

To enter the prison west of Baghdad, the attorneys waded through dirt and coils of barbed wire, and waited for hours.

Inside, they met with nine female detainees - four of whom, they said, had not been charged with any crime. U.S. military officials said at the time that there were 10 or 11 women being held at Abu Ghraib.

. . . Army officials have acknowledged detaining women in hopes of persuading male relatives to provide information. The lawyers said interrogators sometimes threatened to kill detainees. . . 

The Independent, 6 January 2004
Huntley was not a one-off
. . . It took the murder of two children in Soham to expose, yet again, how often the police do not act to protect women and girls. In the eight years before he killed Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman, there were at least 11 reports of Ian Huntley's sexual offences against young girls and under-age teenagers. Huntley was rarely charged or even interviewed, and he was never convicted. Time after time, the police ignored evidence or failed to make further investigations about Huntley's offending. And, in addition to the reported incidents, several ex-girlfriends have since said that they suffered violence - being beaten unconscious, thrown down stairs - at Huntley's hand.

In the 30 years that we have worked with thousands of rape survivors, we know that this shocking policing is not unusual. Huntley was protected by the police assumptions that we have confronted for years: that women's and girls' evidence is less reliable than men's, and that rape is not a serious crime, especially if the complainant has, or had, a relationship with her attacker.

. . .We fear that, once again, recommendations of a public inquiry will serve not women and children but the Government's political agenda (for keeping records on "suspect" people, violent or not, promoting identity cards, etc). The public feels so strongly about rape that the issue is often used to attack civil liberties without any benefit to women's and children's safety. It is not keeping records in general that is the problem; it is the sexist policing and prosecution of rapists and other violent men.

2003

The Guardian, 8 Jan 2003
Chris Arnot reports on research that questions the legal right of violent parents to retain contact with their children
. . .More than 46,000 of these contact orders are issued by British courts every year. Only 1,276 applications for paternal contact are refused - a mere 2.7% of the total. Yet this is a country where a woman is murdered by her partner or former partner every three days; where one woman in four is the victim of domestic violence at some point; where one in six applications for re-housing by local authorities comes from those fleeing violent partners; where innumerable children see or hear one parent being brutally attacked by another. . . 

The Lord Chancellor's Department, meanwhile, has been digesting a report it commissioned into the safety of child contact centres. Three researchers at Warwick University, Rosemary Aris, Christine Harrison and Cathy Humphreys, found that mothers were "often very unhappy" about what they considered inadequate supervision when they took their children along to spend time with their fathers. There were deep concerns about the threat of violence and child abduction. A third of the children interviewed shared those concerns and wanted their mothers close by. Fathers, on the other hand, were annoyed by what they considered unnecessary surveillance.

There are some 280 contact centres scattered throughout England and Wales. Often sited in day nurseries or church halls, they are intended to give fathers the opportunity to spend time with children from former relationships in a structured setting. That is the theory - but the reality can be rather different. 

"We're convinced the safety and well-being of a significant minority of women and children complying with these court orders are being compromised," says Harrison, a lecturer in the school of health and social studies at Warwick. "Fewer than 10% of the contact centres are adequately supervised. There should be separate entrances for fathers and mothers with children, separate waiting rooms, and a higher ratio of staff to families."

In an ideal world, she says, that supervision should come from professional staff, trained to be aware of intimidation. As it is, the centres tend to be manned by volunteers - often people with a strong belief in the nuclear family. In that respect, they reflect the overwhelming view of government and the judiciary.

. . . according to the Warwick researchers' paper, Safety and Contact. "Over 85% of the women we talked to through contact centres had experienced domestic violence; we expected the figure to be high, but not that high," says Harrison, who has also become conscious of the connection between domestic violence and child abuse. "In between 30% and 60% of cases, there will be a direct link," she says. "Social workers, welfare professionals and solicitors should be asking questions about this co-existence."

There should be questions, too, about the widespread assumption that violence ceases when a couple split up. "It doesn't," Harrison says. "Sometimes the threats, the intimidation and the harassment escalate. . . .

Sturge and Glaser go further. "We consider that there should be no automatic assumption that contact with a previously or currently violent parent is in a child's interest," they write in Contact and Domestic Violence: The Experts' Report. "If anything, the assumption should be in the opposite direction." 

The Lord Chancellor's Department has set up a New Labourish-sounding "safety stakeholders' sub-group" as a result of the Warwick researchers' report, which has been in the department's possession for nine months. "That kind of delay is nothing unusual in these cases," says Harrison. She believes that the commissioning of the report in the first place is a sign that the issue is being taken seriously, but it remains to be seen whether the judiciary will take heed and act upon new guidelines...

When that awareness becomes far more widespread, there are likely to be more "no-contact" orders...

Safety and Contact: an Analysis of the Role of Child Contact Centres in the Context of Domestic Violence and Child Welfare Concerns is at: www.lcd.gov.uk/research/2002/10-02es.htm

 

Women's eNews
Kenyan Women To Sue British Army for Alleged Rapes 
By Jennifer Friedlin
. . . 600 women from the nomadic Masai and Samburu tribes who have recently come forward alleging they were raped over a period of 30 years by British soldiers on rotation in northern Kenya for training exercises.

. . . After years of living silently with their claims, the women are now preparing to file the equivalent of a class-action against the British Army.

. . . Rebecca Samaria, a women's rights activist in Archer's Post, says she spent years complaining about the alleged rapes to the all-male Samburu chiefs. But they barely listened.

As the rapes allegedly continued, husbands walked out on their wives, taking the family's precious cows and any other valuable possessions, as is their right in Samburu culture.

In response, Samaria, 38, started an independent village in 1990 where 25 abandoned and impoverished women now live and work. Today, the women support the humble collective of mud and dung huts by pooling their resources. They sell beaded jewelry and run a campsite and cultural center for tourists. The proceeds have been used to establish a primary school and to send a couple of children to a university.

In the safe haven of the collective, the women also debate issues such as female genital mutilation and domestic violence, an accepted part of Samburu tradition.

"We have decided to start the group to uplift our lives," said Samaria, the sound of women singing in Samburu and dancing echoing through the camp. "These days the women are coming up very nicely and taking care of their families and making their family to be strong."

The Guardian 5 July 2003
In Kenya, the British army stands accused of systematic abuses
Natasha Walter
Imagine that half a dozen  German women had just claimed they had been gang-raped by British soldiers  who were stationed in their country on exercise. Imagine that even when the  women had reported the rapes the soldiers had been allowed to fly home and  the incident was never investigated. Imagine that a few months later another  such incident took place.

If such accusations were being made against British  soldiers by European women, and if the women's stories were backed up by  hospital and police records and compelling testimony from the traumatised  young women, then the media would have gone into a frenzy - demanding to know  how British soldiers could go on the rampage, and why officers were covering up for them.

The Times, 31 July 2003
Woman fears her freed rapist will attack again

A WOMAN who brought the first private prosecution for rape has appealed to the police for protection because she fears the rapist, who is about to be freed, has been following her movements. She says she is terrified that Christopher Davies, a chef from Margate, who is due to be released on licence today or tomorrow, will track her down and attack her again.

The Independent on Sunday, 16 March  2003
Women at Broadmoor used as guinea pigs for male sex offenders, says former patient
A former patient at Broadmoor, the high-security hospital, has told how she and other women were used as guinea pigs in the attempted rehabilitation of dangerous sex offenders and convicted psychopaths.

The extraordinary allegations of sexual abuse and rape are revealed today in an interview given by the former patient. Such disclosures by women are extremely rare, not least because of fears of reprisals and the stigma surrounding any stay in Broadmoor.

The woman, Catherine, (not her real name) was a patient at the hospital for three years. Now living in the community, she has revealed that female patients were ordered to pair up with male offenders at a special event dubbed the clinical disco by staff.

The youngest female patients were also frequently groomed by paedophiles and then sexually abused. These revelations come only a week after Julia Wassell, the hospital's former director of women's services, told how she was driven from her job when she reported to her superiors more than 1,000 allegations, including rape, sexual harassment, indecent assault and verbal abuse. 

2002

Women's E-News
'Native American Women Organise Against Rape and Sexual Assault' - V-Day
Did you know that the rate of sexual assault among Native American Women is 3.5 times higher than for of any other racial group in the U.S.? Did you know that 70% of the American Indian victims of sexual assault report an offender of a different race?

On October 10th, V-Day launched the Indian Country Project to raise awareness and funds to stop violence against Native American women in the U.S. and First Nations women in Canada. The project will bring V-Day events to native women around North America, and will bring awareness of native women to V-Day events around the world. 

Unpublished letter to The Guardian, 26 November 2002
WAR
. . . The law says that if a man believes the woman consented, even if his belief is unreasonable, he cannot be found guilty of rape.  Many men believe that women are or should be sexually available to them.  Instead of disabusing them of this “belief”, the law gives it credence.

Every time the man is allowed to put forward the defence that he believed the woman consented, her sexual history, irrelevant to the facts of the rape, is raised to justify what he did by what he knew about her.  In this way, men get away with the most violent rapes because they claim to believe the woman liked it rough since a friend told them so.

Furthermore, they say delay in reporting should cast doubt on the victim’s credibility.  So any woman who, after months of agony, finally decides to report a rape will risk being disbelieved.  Clamping down on paedophiles is in the news, but young women we know with the courage to report their fathers or stepfathers still operating paedophile rings, have their cases classed as “historical” and dropped.

Instead of addressing the sexism in the law and the biased gathering and presentation of evidence by police and courts, the government is again using rape to undermine the rights of defendants generally.  Raising the previous convictions of the accused, abolishing double jeopardy, and promising longer sentences will do nothing but increase the possibility of miscarriages of justice.  We say: Not in the name of rape survivors.  . . .

Unpublished letter to The Guardian, 22 November 2002
WinVisible - Women with Visible and Invisible Disabilities
It is galling to see protection against rape of people with learning disabilities or mental illness presented as entirely new by the government in their White Paper, then uncritically reported: “Three new offences recognise their lack of capacity to consent.” (20 November)

Sexual intercourse with a so-called “mental defective” has been a crime at least since 1956.  Labour has not made the changes to the rape law that would really make a difference.  We told the Sexual Offences Review that treating us as a lower form of life in the sexual offences law is an invitation to disability discrimination and therefore non-prosecution.  Assaults are rife on those of us who are this vulnerable, but hardly any cases get to court.  Police called in to investigate sexual assault by men bathing women in care homes are no longer interested once they find out that the complainant has Alzheimer’s Disease.  Hospitals refuse to take responsibility for the rape of women patients, or to confine rapist patients, and refuse to bring in truly women-only wards. The rare compensation we get is lower because we already have disabilities (so more make no difference), we are treated as a drain on society in comparison to those victims of crime who were waged workers, and we are assumed to feel less and need less, even though we are often more distressed than other adults.

Though the Home Office will replace “mental defective” with less abrasive terms, for which we are supposed to be grateful, nevertheless they are keeping us in a separate category whereby different considerations are brought to the rape and sexual assault of children, women and men with disabilities.

The main definition of consent in rape law will have a list of examples where consent will be assumed unlikely -- why can’t this include people with disabilities, and the individual circumstances be worked out in court?  This is not a rhetorical question: we demand an answer.

Claire Glasman, WinVisible (women with visible and invisible disabilities)
crossroadswomenscentre@compuserve.com

Womens E-news
'Spain Harassment Trial is Rare Victory for Women' 
MADRID, Spain -- A sexual harassment case so ugly and spectacular that it's being made into a TV movie has given women in Spain a triumph in court and a rallying cry for more victims to speak out. Spain has traditionally been lax on sexual harassment and the maximum penalty was a fine. However, sexual harassment became a jailable offense in a 1999 reform of the penal code. Still, women's advocacy groups say the vast majority of women here shy away from denouncing such conduct or recognizing it as harassment at all and that complaints in the male-dominated world of politics are virtually unheard of.

So it was a particularly sweet victory for them in late May, although an incomplete one, when a mayor in northern Spain was convicted of sexually harassing one of his employees-a brilliant accountant half his age-for months after a brief relationship between them ended. A movie about the case is expected to air on Spanish television this fall. The win was only partial because this time, too, the man avoided prison. Instead, a three-judge panel voted 2-1 to fine him the equivalent of $6,500 and ordered him to pay $12,000 in damages.  

The Independent, 18 July 2002
'Rape by soldiers is much more than 'simple lust'  
The authorities do not dispute that she was raped. They dispute the idea that this can be a form of persecution

Natasha Walter
. . . I spent some time this week with a woman from Uganda, whom we can call Jeanette. She is a middle-aged, softly spoken woman who is struggling to make some kind of life for herself in London, living on £30 a week in a room that she shares with a stranger. She has claimed asylum here, but on Monday her final application for judicial review was rejected by the Court of Appeal.

The main facts of Jeanette's case are not disputed. She came to Britain in December 2000. Before that, she had lived in Uganda with her son, and they ran a shop near to the Congolese border. One day, four soldiers came to her shop and asked her and her son if they had any dealings with the rebels.

"I said, I don't know anything about rebels," Jeanette told me. "They started searching the house. They went to my son's room and one soldier started beating him. I was in the shop. I started crying. Another soldier slapped me, and then one soldier came back from my son's room and said to me, 'You have been saying that you know nothing about rebels, so what is this?' and showed me a piece of paper that I didn't know anything about.

"Then two of them made me go to my room and started searching my room. They said, 'What is in this case?' and I was looking for the keys to the case when..." Jeanette stops talking for a while, and sobs choke in her throat.

"The soldiers raped me," she says eventually. "This is a great shame for me." The soldiers took her son away, and Jeanette ran for her life; she threw herself on the protection of a friend, who hid her, and then helped her to get to the UK before she could be found by the army again.

Even if you believe that there are too many asylum-seekers coming to Britain and that too many of them have unfounded claims, still, Jeanette's case seems to fit perfectly into the strict legal requirements for claiming asylum. She does seem to have a well-founded fear of persecution. Indeed, the persecution seems to have been particularly brutal, with a particularly harsh effect upon her. She has been diagnosed by a consultant psychiatrist at the Maudsley Hospital as suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, and has tried to kill herself since arriving in the UK.

. . . Interestingly, they do not dispute the fact that she was raped in the circumstances that she describes. They simply dispute the idea that this can be seen as a form of persecution. One appeal judge, Lord Justice Latham, said on Monday that the soldiers' rape was a matter of "simple and dreadful lust". Because the laws on asylum are there to protect people who are confronting persecution, rather than lust, this conclusion means that Jeanette can be returned to those lust-crazed soldiers.

Ian Macdonald, the QC who argued Jeanette's case in the Court of Appeal, was quite scathing about the way that the law is currently being interpreted. "If you don't recognise that rape can be part of deliberate persecution, then there is an inbuilt bias against the persecution that women face," he points out to me. "After all, if a man was beaten unconscious during interrogation, it would be seen as part of the political persecution he suffered - but if a woman is raped, it is seen as a separate problem."

In the current political climate it is extremely hard to make a case for a more understanding attitude. "I don't think anyone should underestimate the pressure on the officials," says Ian Macdonald, "and if you can sideline certain persecutory acts by saying those acts are just gratuitous lust, you can exclude large numbers of persecuted women from seeking asylum".

*Jeannette, interviewed in this article, won her right to stay with WAR's help.

Private Eye, No 1055.  31 May - 13 June 2002
'The Rape Escape
A recent government report on rape has confirmed what many women and women’s groups have long argued: it is becoming more and more difficult to secure convictions. Successful prosecutions have fallen from one in three down to one in 13.

Even that depends on the victim being "lucky" enough to get into court in the first place. The study, by the inspectorates of both the police and the crown prosecution service (CPS), looked at 1,741 reported attacks and found that only 28 percent resulted in a caution or charge by police. Of 230 cases referred to the CPS, fewer than half went to court.

One case highlighted was that of Louisa (not her real name), a 33 year-old woman from east London who had to overcome many hurdles before her allegations of repeated rape and abuse against her adoptive father finally got to Snaresbrook crown court. She described how the man, who was married to her sister and had taken her into his family from the age of 12, had abused her as a servant and for sex in both their native Ghana and when he later brought her to Britain.

Louisa’s sister and nephew were both prepared to testify about his tyranny at home and how he had lied in statements to police about his relationship with Louisa. When she threatened to report him, he had even obtained a false death certificate from Ghana for his ‘real’ daughter, claiming Louisa was impersonating her.